Germplasm

A total of 362 diverse inbred lines from the current Southwest China breeding program were assembled into a panel. The panel was comprised of 33 parents of major expanded hybrids from Southwest China, 252 new selected and improved inbred lines, 40 representative inbred lines of temperate heterotic groups (Reid, SPT, Lancaster, LRC, etc.) and 37 CIMMYT or U.S. exotic inbred lines. Approximately 17 pairs of inbred lines were parents of local varieties and most of domestic inbred lines were one parent of authorized hybrids in China.

Name Pedigree K = 2     K = 3       K = 4         K = 6          
    Tropical Temperate   Tropical NSS SS   Tropical PA PB Reid   Tropical PA PB Reid BSSS North
F19 Derived from CIMMYT germplasm 0.8442 0.1558   0.8044 0.0302 0.1654   0.7686 0.1012 0.0268 0.1034   0.7301 0.0534 0.0164 0.001 0.1979 0.0012
F06 Derived from suwan germplasm 1 0   1 0 0   1 0 0 0   1 0 0 0 0 0
Zheng58 Ye478 mutant 0.192 0.808   0.1078 0.0644 0.8278   0.1474 0.0044 0.0396 0.8086   0 0 0 0.5509 0 0.4491
Chang7-2 Wei95×Huangzaosi//S901 0.7312 0.2688   0.6679 0.0028 0.3293   0.6333 0.1498 0.0006 0.2162   0.3363 0.0518 0.0002 0.0004 0.0766 0.5347
S273 Derived from suwan germplasm 0.864 0.136   0.8366 0.0524 0.111   0.7902 0.111 0.0528 0.046   0.7063 0.0898 0.0432 0.0022 0.0108 0.1476
Su1611 Derived from suwan germplasm 0.862 0.138   0.8402 0.1178 0.042   0.8328 0.0292 0.1114 0.0266   0.7836 0.0116 0.1054 0.003 0.0148 0.0816
YA8201 Brazilian hybrid AGROLERES1051 0.8902 0.1098   0.8602 0.0264 0.1134   0.8581 0.0224 0.0128 0.1066   0.7469 0.0006 0.0088 0.0158 0.0484 0.1796
5311 Derived from suwan germplasm 0.998 0.002   0.992 0.0076 0.0004   0.9964 0.0002 0.0018 0.0016   0.9878 0 0.0022 0.0068 0.0016 0.0016
CTL26 Derived from suwan germplasm 0.967 0.033   0.9418 0.0582 0   0.945 0.0002 0.0544 0.0004   0.956 0 0.0412 0.0008 0.002 0
5Gong 515 / Gongza-1 0.9972 0.0028   0.9814 0.018 0.0006   0.9834 0.0028 0.012 0.0018   0.9568 0.0006 0.004 0.0014 0.0002 0.037
21A Derived from Tropical germplasm 0.9332 0.0668   0.911 0.0518 0.0372   0.8992 0.0236 0.043 0.0342   0.8473 0.0078 0.039 0.0074 0.0166 0.0818
SN8-1-1 Derived from suwan germplasm 0.9778 0.0222   0.9638 0.0344 0.0018   0.9634 0.0004 0.0194 0.0168   0.9384 0 0.015 0.0088 0.0012 0.0366
Jiao51 Guizhou landrace Jiaomaerhuangzao 0.8222 0.1778   0.7826 0.012 0.2054   0.7706 0.0696 0.0044 0.1554   0.5935 0.0142 0.0018 0.018 0.0398 0.3327
V37 V37 0.5782 0.4218   0.5108 0.0468 0.4424   0.3474 0.4234 0.0498 0.1794   0.1258 0.3461 0.0238 0.0394 0.003 0.4619
Mian7317 Mian7317 0.282 0.718   0.1902 0.1498 0.6601   0.212 0.0406 0.1302 0.6171   0.107 0.0078 0.1194 0.4503 0.0682 0.2474
Mian723 P953 × 698-3 0.2762 0.7238   0.1416 0.0576 0.8008   0 0.8656 0.004 0.1304   0 0.8579 0.0002 0.1419 0 0
7041-5 Derived from Yogoslavic hybrid SC704 0.57 0.43   0.4764 0.0008 0.5228   0.4591 0.1368 0 0.4041   0.1042 0.017 0.0002 0.004 0.2592 0.6154
NZ013-1 Neizi013-1-1 0.3902 0.6098   0.2987 0.0852 0.6161   0.1196 0.5551 0.1038 0.2216   0 0.4467 0.0472 0.001 0.0911 0.414
Yu561 Nongda202 × 095 0.512 0.488   0.4401 0.1413 0.4185   0.3479 0.2821 0.1437 0.2263   0.0928 0.2014 0.1312 0.0174 0.0896 0.4676
H08-155 H08-155 0.5732 0.4268   0.487 0.0016 0.5114   0.3516 0.3724 0.0006 0.2754   0.0862 0.2638 0.0002 0.0784 0.0502 0.5212
K169R Derived from American hybrid 3163 0.4482 0.5518   0.3418 0.006 0.6522   0.0884 0.7416 0.0204 0.1496   0.089 0.6627 0.0182 0.0142 0.2126 0.0032
Dong156 Dong156 0.6786 0.3214   0.5988 0.0008 0.4004   0.5535 0.1676 0 0.2789   0.2166 0.0524 0.0002 0.0008 0.0894 0.6407
M14 M14 0.969 0.031   0.942 0.058 0   0.9458 0.0002 0.0536 0.0004   0.9566 0 0.041 0.0004 0.002 0
Y8G Derived from American hybrid Y8G61 0.4522 0.5478   0.3996 0.2851 0.3153   0.2078 0.4592 0.3066 0.0264   0.2255 0.4318 0.2991 0.007 0.0364 0.0002
B151 Derived from Pioneer unknown hybrid 0.362 0.638   0.3175 0.5582 0.1242   0.2842 0.0908 0.5566 0.0684   0.1895 0.0376 0.5467 0.0004 0.1147 0.1111
618 Derived from Pioneer unknown hybrid 0.5718 0.4282   0.4908 0.0052 0.504   0.0002 0.9998 0 0   0 1 0 0 0 0
141 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.0408 0.9592   0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 0 0
ShuangM9 M9 × M9B 0.957 0.043   0.9396 0.0444 0.016   0.9372 0.0036 0.034 0.0252   0.8824 0.0006 0.028 0.0014 0.0254 0.0622
P953 Derived from hybrid 95-3 0.3132 0.6868   0.2116 0.084 0.7045   0.079 0.4577 0.0828 0.3805   0.0006 0.4224 0.0354 0.3382 0 0.2034
LN8 478 improved line 0.3982 0.6018   0.3045 0.0548 0.6407   0.2964 0.114 0.0388 0.5508   0.1586 0.0738 0.0264 0.3546 0.1278 0.2588
HZ127-7 Derived from American hybrid Y8G61 0.4382 0.5618   0.3875 0.3167 0.2957   0.2158 0.4114 0.3344 0.0384   0.2374 0.3867 0.3217 0.0536 0.0004 0.0002
En1824 En1824 0.123 0.877   0.0366 0.1666 0.7968   0.0792 0.0258 0.1338 0.7612   0.0556 0.0238 0.1222 0.6793 0.018 0.1012
ZYDH381-1 ZYDH381-1 0.279 0.721   0.2044 0.2683 0.5273   0.112 0.2942 0.2798 0.314   0.1186 0.2517 0.2765 0.203 0.1462 0.004
Su95-1 Ye478 × Ji183 0.215 0.785   0.1224 0.0634 0.8142   0.1606 0.019 0.0432 0.7772   0.0588 0.008 0.0256 0.6199 0.0306 0.2571
De2010-1 De2010-1 0.133 0.867   0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 0 0
End28 78599 improved lines 0.345 0.655   0.2955 0.5217 0.1828   0.2961 0.028 0.5164 0.1595   0.1138 0.0012 0.5015 0.0314 0.0002 0.3519
98009 Shuikouhuang × Wuerhuang // Zi330 0.4942 0.5058   0.4275 0.1048 0.4677   0.4048 0.1397 0.0999 0.3556   0.0016 0.0426 0.0691 0.0374 0.0294 0.8199
Mian715 Hybrid CGT-15 0.553 0.447   0.4397 0.5603 0   0.4409 0.0002 0.5589 0   0.4465 0 0.5533 0 0.0002 0
BS08-565 BS08-565 0.4142 0.5858   0.319 0.009 0.672   0.1544 0.4993 0.0072 0.3391   0.122 0.469 0.0008 0.3301 0 0.078
MDH3-200 MDH3-200 0.282 0.718   0.1736 0.036 0.7904   0.2278 0.0176 0.004 0.7507   0.1104 0 0.0016 0.4862 0.2486 0.1532
21209 21209 0.261 0.739   0.1602 0.0406 0.7992   0.1444 0.161 0.0286 0.666   0 0.0862 0.0116 0.3027 0.2835 0.3161
De12 De12 0.2886 0.7114   0.2366 0.5672 0.1962   0.2133 0.0897 0.5695 0.1275   0.0006 0.007 0.5498 0.0004 0.0002 0.442
TD1 478 improved line 0.499 0.501   0.4166 0.0656 0.5178   0.3612 0.2062 0.0628 0.3698   0.2357 0.1567 0.0548 0.1959 0.1102 0.2467
Y75 Shanzong5 × Zhongzong14C4 0.6012 0.3988   0.548 0.2196 0.2324   0.5155 0.1172 0.2184 0.1488   0.3037 0.0262 0.1994 0.0004 0.1084 0.3619
Jing07-4 Qujing landrace 0.5336 0.4664   0.4787 0.1818 0.3395   0.4854 0.0492 0.1734 0.292   0.1299 0 0.1597 0.0022 0.0664 0.6418
M89 K22 improved line 0.2782 0.7218   0.1763 0.0772 0.7465   0.1044 0.2898 0.08 0.5258   0.0322 0.238 0.0582 0.4107 0.088 0.1728
H127RE American hybrid Y8G61 0.4098 0.5902   0.3564 0.3218 0.3218   0.1706 0.4492 0.3412 0.039   0.1947 0.4182 0.3333 0.0292 0.0236 0.001
MH9 Derived from Mohuang9 population 0.7032 0.2968   0.6597 0.1022 0.238   0.6089 0.153 0.0964 0.1418   0.5446 0.1265 0.0916 0.061 0.0678 0.1086
NZ925 NZ925 0.354 0.646   0.2598 0.0082 0.732   0.2683 0.0766 0.0006 0.6545   0.0938 0.027 0.0002 0.475 0.0408 0.3632
BS1074 BS1074 0.4752 0.5248   0.426 0.2053 0.3687   0.4157 0.098 0.2028 0.2835   0.086 0.0006 0.1964 0.004 0.0924 0.6205
Lin-1 478 improved line 0.501 0.499   0.4166 0.0576 0.5258   0.3564 0.2189 0.0556 0.3692   0.2237 0.1657 0.0476 0.1877 0.1184 0.2569
Yu9537 095 × S37 0.5154 0.4846   0.4433 0.1382 0.4185   0.3516 0.2744 0.1398 0.2342   0.1158 0.2022 0.1268 0.0434 0.081 0.4309
JF52-3 JF52-3 0.365 0.635   0.2954 0.308 0.3966   0.2457 0.1725 0.3019 0.2799   0.0134 0.0984 0.2921 0.0874 0.1026 0.406
S7913 S7913 0.6462 0.3538   0.5874 0.0042 0.4084   0.5657 0.1194 0.0008 0.3141   0.3177 0.0378 0.0002 0.1026 0.0714 0.4702
DH29 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.075 0.925   0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 0 0
Mo17 C103 × 187-2 0.42 0.58   0.3613 0.2007 0.438   0.3315 0.1426 0.1932 0.3327   0 0.0016 0.1053 0.0378 0 0.8553
JH96B Derived from Zhongzong2 0.4466 0.5534   0.3903 0.2687 0.3409   0.3651 0.1262 0.2669 0.2418   0.0492 0.0128 0.2374 0.0062 0.0404 0.6539
S5003 Derived from suwan germplasm 0.977 0.023   0.9594 0.039 0.0016   0.955 0.0104 0.0314 0.0032   0.9108 0.002 0.0242 0.0014 0.0024 0.0592
2142 Foreign hybrid Y7864 0.5926 0.4074   0.5237 0.0774 0.3989   0.2687 0.6041 0.1106 0.0166   0.1954 0.5293 0.0844 0.0004 0.0578 0.1326
205-11 Foreign hybrid Y7865F2 × Qi205 0.4922 0.5078   0.4166 0.0922 0.4912   0.3789 0.182 0.0892 0.3499   0.0314 0.0714 0.078 0.0022 0.1702 0.6468
ZJ-3 WS527 × 7031 0.464 0.536   0.4068 0.352 0.2412   0.4026 0.044 0.3428 0.2106   0.2259 0.0012 0.3243 0.1108 0.0002 0.3377
N54-3 N54-3 0.285 0.715   0.2128 0.278 0.5092   0.2425 0.001 0.2534 0.5031   0.1192 0 0.2174 0.4144 0.0002 0.2488
LSC117 Derived from Mobai1 0.9138 0.0862   0.8886 0.011 0.1004   0.889 0.0152 0.002 0.0938   0.819 0.002 0.0018 0.0536 0.005 0.1186
LSC107 87-1 × 86-1 0.135 0.865   0.0726 0.5782 0.3492   0.0454 0.1124 0.5729 0.2693   0.0062 0.0894 0.5636 0.1951 0.0466 0.0992
Nan09530 095 × Zi330 0.7476 0.2524   0.6775 0.0014 0.3211   0.6309 0.1796 0.0006 0.1888   0.2683 0.062 0.0002 0 0.0186 0.6509
98-3 698-3 × 81565 // 698-3 0.5348 0.4652   0.4134 0.0008 0.5858   0.1339 0.8409 0.0006 0.0246   0.1068 0.7817 0.0002 0 0.1104 0.0008
M232 65232/P6C3 // 65232 0.388 0.612   0.3141 0.1478 0.5381   0.3143 0.0962 0.1354 0.4541   0.1472 0.0478 0.1176 0.3003 0.0006 0.3865
Du321 American hybrid 3382 0.0002 0.9998   0 0 1   0 0 0 1   0 0 0 0.828 0.172 0
Chuan273 (Foreign hybrid 785783 × QPM69 population)BC2 0.204 0.796   0.1426 0.5208 0.3366   0.1324 0.0848 0.5142 0.2686   0.0002 0.0006 0.5147 0.0394 0.2514 0.1937
Nan381 Ai351/B9001 // Ai351BC2 0.5584 0.4416   0.4927 0.0304 0.4769   0.4517 0.1901 0.0262 0.332   0.0974 0.077 0.0048 0.034 0.0826 0.7043
7854 Ye478 × 156 0.0002 0.9998   0 0.4789 0.5211   0 0 0.4607 0.5393   0 0 0.4476 0.5524 0 0
18-9-101 Nan99 / Nan70-3 Nanxiao18 0.9368 0.0632   0.921 0.051 0.028   0.921 0.001 0.04 0.038   0.8709 0 0.0364 0.0168 0.0036 0.0722
ZY2247 ZY2247 0.982 0.018   0.9528 0.0472 0   0.9566 0.0002 0.0428 0.0004   0.9546 0 0.044 0.0008 0.0004 0.0002
Q78 Q78 0.4234 0.5766   0.3433 0.2078 0.4489   0.1318 0.5653 0.2152 0.0876   0.1542 0.5381 0.2024 0.048 0.0466 0.0108
Nan637 Nan637 0.7518 0.2482   0.7055 0.0046 0.2899   0.6661 0.1322 0.0012 0.2004   0.6114 0.091 0.0016 0.0798 0.1376 0.0786
Nan202 Zong3 / Niu2-1 0.0382 0.9618   0.0094 0.836 0.1546   0.0044 0.0358 0.831 0.1288   0.0006 0.025 0.8194 0.0802 0.0018 0.073
78599-211 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.1732 0.8268   0.0002 0.9998 0   0.0004 0.0002 0.9994 0   0 0 0.9996 0 0.0002 0.0002
YA3237 Zheng32 × S37 0.659 0.341   0.5843 0.0024 0.4133   0.572 0.0978 0.0006 0.3296   0.5279 0.0484 0.001 0.1142 0.3061 0.0024
JS0251 Dan85566/E28 second circle line 0.566 0.434   0.478 0.0008 0.5212   0.4645 0.109 0 0.4265   0.2485 0.0354 0.0002 0.2166 0.0768 0.4225
W284 W284 0.7372 0.2628   0.6784 0.004 0.3176   0.6711 0.0684 0.0006 0.2599   0.5342 0.0018 0.0014 0.0602 0.1886 0.2138
Zheng28 Zheng28 0.15 0.85   0.0748 0.0552 0.87   0.125 0.0012 0.0204 0.8534   0.134 0.0028 0.001 0.8614 0 0.0008
Zheng22 E28/Duqing second circle line 0.026 0.974   0 0.0008 0.9992   0 0 0 1   0 0 0 0.4466 0.5534 0
Zheng99 Zheng99 0.958 0.042   0.937 0.0618 0.0012   0.9398 0.0002 0.0568 0.0032   0.9436 0 0.036 0.0024 0.0178 0.0002
Dan3130 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.2142 0.7858   0.1454 0.8542 0.0004   0.1198 0.0386 0.8411 0.0004   0.0942 0.0016 0.8248 0 0.0138 0.0656
LC955 LC955 0.9342 0.0658   0.9084 0.0162 0.0754   0.903 0.0318 0.0076 0.0576   0.8215 0.0068 0.005 0.0018 0.0442 0.1207
Dan599 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.0932 0.9068   0.0536 0.8154 0.131   0.0518 0.0002 0.8066 0.1414   0.0334 0 0.8002 0.0914 0.0404 0.0346
LJ-2 American hybrid Liaojian 0.901 0.099   0.8734 0.0196 0.107   0.8668 0.0396 0.009 0.0846   0.7996 0.0106 0.0086 0.006 0.0758 0.0994
Liao68 Unknown 0.326 0.674   0.2637 0.5331 0.2032   0.2526 0.0792 0.5333 0.1348   0.1238 0 0.5406 0 0.2899 0.0456
Liao7996 7922 / D9046 0.057 0.943   0.0002 0.0122 0.9876   0.0012 0.0002 0.003 0.9956   0 0 0.0008 0.8038 0.171 0.0244
Liao3053 (7922 × B68) / 5003 0.4704 0.5296   0.3375 0.0008 0.6617   0.1608 0.5521 0 0.2871   0 0.4351 0 0.0004 0.3156 0.2489
Liao5144 7922 / 5003 0.1826 0.8174   0.0138 0.0008 0.9854   0.0622 0.0068 0 0.931   0.0328 0 0 0.7749 0.1275 0.0648
Liao7890 7922 / 8001 0.0002 0.9998   0 0 1   0 0 0 1   0 0 0 0.964 0.036 0
Liao2379 Liao2379 0.4502 0.5498   0.3543 0.0124 0.6333   0.3112 0.225 0.0064 0.4574   0.0914 0.1034 0.0118 0.082 0.3808 0.3307
Wa138 Luda Red bone germplasm 0.4912 0.5088   0.4191 0.1179 0.4631   0.3386 0.2542 0.1146 0.2926   0.016 0.1632 0.0972 0.0492 0.0622 0.6123
Ji1037 Mo17 / suwan1 // MO17 0.54 0.46   0.4867 0.1476 0.3657   0.458 0.1272 0.1394 0.2754   0.1478 0.0484 0.1046 0.0752 0 0.6241
TS6278 TS6278 0.125 0.875   0.0126 0.101 0.8864   0.0484 0.0582 0.0708 0.8226   0 0.0464 0.0378 0.6957 0.0142 0.2059
ZM28 ZM28 0.0014 0.9986   0 0.9808 0.0192   0 0.0224 0.9766 0.001   0 0.0006 0.9672 0 0.032 0.0002
891 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.0012 0.9988   0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 0 0
K22 K11 × Ye478 0.2262 0.7738   0.116 0.022 0.862   0.051 0.2853 0.014 0.6497   0.0548 0.2493 0.0002 0.6265 0.0002 0.069
Dan9046 7922 × 5003 0.1088 0.8912   0.0384 0.4303 0.5313   0.0804 0.001 0.3964 0.5222   0.0814 0 0.3788 0.4802 0.0586 0.001
PHB09 American inbred line，Reid population 0.3456 0.6544   0.2406 0.0638 0.6956   0.208 0.2062 0.0616 0.5242   0 0 0 0 1 0
CN9802 American inbred line，Reid population 0.3562 0.6438   0.224 0.0016 0.7744   0.2012 0.186 0.0002 0.6126   0.0006 0.0642 0.001 0.1276 0.4915 0.3151
Dan598 Dan598 0.4372 0.5628   0.3883 0.3569 0.2549   0.3192 0.2072 0.3656 0.108   0.0912 0.0912 0.3463 0 0.0804 0.3909
Shen135 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.044 0.956   0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 0 0
Shen136 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.2196 0.7804   0.151 0.4415 0.4075   0.1323 0.1191 0.4345 0.3142   0 0.0016 0.4313 0.0188 0.3129 0.2354
Shen137 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 6JK111 0.108 0.892   0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 0 0
SH15 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.1568 0.8432   0.0032 0.9754 0.0214   0.0016 0 0.9634 0.035   0.0002 0 0.9528 0.0138 0.0222 0.011
871 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 87001 0.151 0.849   0.0956 0.6664 0.238   0.0228 0.1944 0.673 0.1098   0.0448 0.1746 0.6573 0.1228 0.0002 0.0002
P138 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.0722 0.9278   0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 0 0
Qi319 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.0002 0.9998   0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 0 0
178 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.045 0.955   0.0002 0.9998 0   0.0004 0 0.9992 0.0004   0 0 0.9862 0 0.0002 0.0136
7327 7327 0.642 0.358   0.5814 0.0178 0.4008   0.5167 0.2276 0.013 0.2426   0.2422 0.1294 0.0028 0.004 0.1126 0.509
YS0 YS0 0.5902 0.4098   0.5109 0.004 0.4851   0.0004 0.9996 0 0   0 1 0 0 0 0
Ye478 U8112 × Shen5003 0.0002 0.9998   0 0 1   0 0 0 1   0 0 0 1 0 0
698-3 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.3672 0.6328   0.25 0.0292 0.7207   0 1 0 0   0 1 0 0 0 0
JH961 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.2878 0.7122   0.2373 0.5614 0.2013   0.1978 0.125 0.5663 0.111   0.182 0.0824 0.5638 0.015 0.1452 0.0116
JH59 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.0038 0.9962   0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 0 0
Qi205 vAi141 × Zhongxi017/QPM70 0.5332 0.4668   0.4557 0.0384 0.5059   0.4258 0.1721 0.036 0.3661   0.1478 0.0458 0.0376 0.0004 0.3645 0.4039
Dan340 White bone Lu9 × glume maize 0.6052 0.3948   0.5347 0.0016 0.4637   0.5172 0.1363 0.0006 0.3459   0 0 0 0 0.0004 0.9996
CA211 CA211 0.5122 0.4878   0.4524 0.1868 0.3608   0.3765 0.2322 0.1856 0.2058   0.1795 0.1805 0.1625 0.0696 0.0002 0.4078
DYS DYS 0.3652 0.6348   0.2795 0.1318 0.5887   0.2272 0.2212 0.1296 0.4221   0 0.0564 0.1012 0.0004 0.5518 0.2902
Liao6082 5003、7922、U8112、Zheng32、N-46、B73 integrative line 0.3 0.7   0.0998 0 0.9002   0.1158 0.0676 0 0.8166   0.0863 0.0086 0 0.4899 0.3754 0.0398
Lu2458 Lu2458 0.194 0.806   0.1128 0.0526 0.8346   0.144 0.0002 0.0336 0.8222   0.0474 0 0.0168 0.636 0.0814 0.2183
Ji477 Mo17 radiation 0.281 0.719   0.1908 0.027 0.7822   0.2092 0.0834 0.0084 0.6991   0.0366 0.0052 0.0206 0.3136 0.3184 0.3056
Zheng29 Zheng29 0.1862 0.8138   0.0354 0.0042 0.9604   0.0606 0.0672 0 0.8722   0.012 0.0132 0.0006 0.5864 0.3828 0.005
ZH64 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 64 0.486 0.514   0.4219 0.1638 0.4143   0.3703 0.1893 0.1599 0.2805   0.1414 0.1148 0.1436 0.0876 0.0526 0.46
H921 78599 × (6166 + 6066 + 6165) 0.3592 0.6408   0.2914 0.2948 0.4138   0.2111 0.2643 0.3053 0.2193   0.0534 0.1598 0.2985 0.0026 0.2392 0.2464
1572 5003 × Luda Red bone line 0.339 0.661   0.2629 0.088 0.6491   0.3035 0.0178 0.065 0.6137   0.0796 0 0.011 0.4656 0 0.4438
Ji992 Ji992 0.239 0.761   0.1581 0.1395 0.7025   0.198 0.0014 0.1124 0.6881   0 0 0.0642 0.4242 0.0008 0.5108
9614 Tropical germplasm 0.296 0.704   0.2121 0.1082 0.6797   0.2264 0.0736 0.0982 0.6018   0.0828 0.0434 0.064 0.4648 0.0002 0.3447
434 434 0.3692 0.6308   0.2918 0.156 0.5522   0.3254 0.016 0.1414 0.5172   0.086 0 0.1303 0.2161 0.1839 0.3838
H10 Tropical germplasm 0.4232 0.5768   0.3513 0.1947 0.454   0.3276 0.1332 0.1898 0.3494   0.2004 0.0786 0.1662 0.2354 0.0408 0.2787
4379 4379 0.604 0.396   0.5521 0.2118 0.236   0.5458 0.06 0.2048 0.1894   0.3437 0.0006 0.1964 0.0018 0.1486 0.3089
4011 Derived from landrace 0.6402 0.3598   0.5761 0.0026 0.4213   0.5749 0.0792 0.0006 0.3453   0.1694 0 0.0008 0.0018 0.1278 0.7003
HuangC (Huangxiao162 × Zi330 / 02) × Tuxpeno 0.37 0.63   0.2895 0.109 0.6015   0.3311 0.004 0.0828 0.5821   0.1952 0.0002 0.0562 0.4627 0.0002 0.2855
Tie7922 American hybrid 3382 0.038 0.962   0.0002 0.0466 0.9532   0.0016 0.0114 0.0386 0.9484   0.03 0.002 0.0238 0.9366 0.0002 0.0074
9HT1804 9HT1804 0.4378 0.5622   0.3735 0.2478 0.3787   0.3433 0.1358 0.2456 0.2753   0.2272 0.0858 0.2264 0.1804 0.023 0.2572
M165 M165 0.3492 0.6508   0.2667 0.0588 0.6745   0.2284 0.2074 0.0602 0.5039   0.1311 0.1527 0.043 0.3609 0.0906 0.2217
H21 Huangzaosi × H84 0.968 0.032   0.9416 0.0584 0   0.945 0.0002 0.0544 0.0004   0.9558 0 0.0416 0.0004 0.0022 0
4866 Ye478 improved line 0.217 0.783   0.1196 0.0428 0.8375   0.1782 0.0054 0.0022 0.8142   0.1163 0.0018 0.0002 0.7306 0.0018 0.1493
07G83 07G83 0.488 0.512   0.4219 0.2098 0.3683   0.3531 0.2326 0.2196 0.1948   0.1712 0.1288 0.2056 0.0004 0.219 0.2749
LJS-1 LJS-1 0.4112 0.5888   0.3583 0.3241 0.3175   0.1724 0.4493 0.3433 0.035   0.1962 0.4188 0.3352 0.0254 0.0238 0.0006
Yi99-19 Zhengda hybrid 99-19 0.853 0.147   0.816 0.0146 0.1694   0.783 0.103 0.0086 0.1054   0.7326 0.0546 0.0106 0.0022 0.1826 0.0174
LZM004 Tropical germplasm 0.1844 0.8156   0.062 0.938 0   0.0676 0 0.9324 0   0.0728 0 0.9268 0 0.0002 0.0002
LZM05-1-1 Tropical germplasm 0.9992 0.0008   0.9976 0.0024 0   0.9998 0.0002 0 0   0.9984 0 0.0004 0.0004 0.0002 0.0006
LZM6-1-1 Tropical germplasm 0.9948 0.0052   0.9678 0.0316 0.0006   0.9412 0.0424 0.016 0.0004   0.916 0.0452 0.0164 0.0004 0.0002 0.0218
LZM025 Tropical germplasm 0.269 0.731   0.2176 0.6302 0.1522   0.1378 0.2106 0.64 0.0116   0.1489 0.1833 0.627 0.0338 0.0028 0.0042
W8071 Tropical germplasm 0.8448 0.1552   0.8064 0.0136 0.18   0.7983 0.0524 0.0046 0.1447   0.5919 0.0006 0.0012 0.0004 0.0786 0.3273
M11 Derived from Mobai 1 0.9114 0.0886   0.8856 0.01 0.1044   0.8842 0.0192 0.0018 0.0948   0.8126 0.0028 0.0016 0.0538 0.0058 0.1234
1221CL8 1221CL8 0.823 0.177   0.7846 0.0092 0.2062   0.7877 0.0246 0.002 0.1857   0.6251 0.0006 0.0018 0.0414 0.0876 0.2436
QBII-1 1221CL13 0.7814 0.2186   0.7359 0.0108 0.2533   0.7039 0.1228 0.0038 0.1696   0.4944 0.0566 0.0038 0.0068 0.0728 0.3656
1221CL11 1221CL11 0.9124 0.0876   0.8872 0.0118 0.101   0.8884 0.0146 0.002 0.095   0.8193 0.0014 0.0018 0.0554 0.005 0.1171
ML1108 ML1108 0.4192 0.5808   0.3176 0.0706 0.6118   0.2153 0.3301 0.0732 0.3814   0.0334 0.2102 0.0698 0.066 0.3985 0.222
ML1120 ML1120 0.5752 0.4248   0.4981 0.0252 0.4767   0.0004 0.9782 0.0214 0   0 0.9998 0 0 0 0.0002
W7475 12127475 0.1494 0.8506   0.0892 0.5299 0.3809   0.0154 0.2101 0.5368 0.2377   0 0.1527 0.5062 0.1671 0.0308 0.1433
Liao147-8 Liao147-822411 0.465 0.535   0.3897 0.1626 0.4477   0.0912 0.7233 0.1851 0.0004   0.103 0.7013 0.1758 0.0004 0.0194 0.0002
PN0504-8 Derived from Pioneer hybrid PN0504 0.271 0.729   0.1965 0.3151 0.4884   0.1712 0.1464 0.3153 0.3671   0.0616 0.0608 0.3151 0.1318 0.2673 0.1634
KS001 Derived from American hybrid X1141P 0.4472 0.5528   0.3375 0.0024 0.6601   0.2707 0.2803 0.0006 0.4485   0 0.0869 0.0002 0 0.6188 0.2942
A318 S37 space induced mutation 0.951 0.049   0.929 0.0576 0.0134   0.8966 0.0544 0.0482 0.0008   0.8444 0.024 0.0358 0.0004 0.0002 0.0952
5220-2 Unknown 0.1762 0.8238   0.0834 0.1764 0.7402   0.0908 0.084 0.1709 0.6543   0.0008 0.0488 0.1592 0.4571 0.111 0.223
SAM1001 Tropical germplasm TI5604 0.85 0.15   0.822 0.0546 0.1234   0.8198 0.023 0.044 0.1132   0.7145 0.0018 0.033 0.0614 0.0002 0.189
SAM3001 Unknown hybrid 3001 0.2264 0.7736   0.181 0.6742 0.1448   0.1481 0.1054 0.6719 0.0746   0 0.0166 0.6549 0 0.044 0.2845
975-12 698-3 / unknown inbred line 0.113 0.887   0.0014 0.0877 0.9109   0 0.5824 0 0.4176   0 0.5739 0 0.4261 0 0
18-599 Derived from Pioneer hybrid 78599 0.0168 0.9832   0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0 0 0
SCML202 （48-2 × 5003）space induced mutation × foreign hybrid 0.0348 0.9652   0.0008 0.5614 0.4378   0.0016 0.0372 0.563 0.3982   0.0006 0.034 0.5718 0.2279 0.1521 0.0136
SCML1950 American hybrid 441950 0.3688 0.6312   0.263 0.0106 0.7264   0.2821 0.0506 0.0006 0.6667   0.1058 0.001 0.0002 0.4658 0.0712 0.3559
08-641 Derived from Pioneer hybrid Y78641 0.5462 0.4538   0.4747 0.1044 0.4209   0.2912 0.4728 0.117 0.119   0.1062 0.3761 0.0934 0.0102 0.0018 0.4123
48-2 （Mo17 / Dan340）// 6 unknown lines 0.85 0.15   0.7795 0.0008 0.2197   0.7331 0.1556 0 0.1112   0.4669 0.0594 0 0 0.0006 0.4731
SCML103 698-3 / unknown line 0.1584 0.8416   0.0184 0.0228 0.9588   0 0.5184 0 0.4816   0 0.5366 0 0.4632 0.0002 0
ES40 Landrace Linshuidadudu 0.6652 0.3348   0.6102 0.0456 0.3442   0.5906 0.12 0.0384 0.251   0.3481 0.043 0.0194 0.045 0.039 0.5054
SCML203 （48-2 × 5003）space induced mutation × foreign hybrid 0.0052 0.9948   0.0002 0.4223 0.5775   0.0012 0.0032 0.4276 0.568   0 0.0002 0.424 0.3455 0.1745 0.0558
LH8012 Yunrui9 (YML46 / YML8711) second circle line 0.2742 0.7258   0.1978 0.253 0.5492   0.1178 0.2525 0.2459 0.3838   0.0008 0.2198 0.231 0.2663 0.0002 0.2819
9LB050 9LB050 0.9098 0.0902   0.8822 0.0362 0.0816   0.8753 0.033 0.0288 0.063   0.7782 0.002 0.0194 0.0044 0.0058 0.1902
TM012 TM012 0.244 0.756   0.1618 0.3566 0.4816   0.1284 0.1576 0.3556 0.3584   0.0012 0.0918 0.3511 0.1524 0.1518 0.2517
1323 Hybrid 1323 0.463 0.537   0.4208 0.398 0.1812   0.381 0.1244 0.3926 0.102   0.2627 0.0706 0.383 0.006 0.0516 0.2261
975-13 698-3 / unknown line 0.1732 0.8268   0.0318 0.006 0.9622   0 0.6494 0 0.3506   0 0.6713 0 0.3147 0.014 0
YZ15BC-2 YZ15BC-2 0.2952 0.7048   0.2217 0.3013 0.477   0.1728 0.1912 0.3003 0.3357   0.001 0.1307 0.2898 0.1227 0.0977 0.3582
SCML2054 Hybrid 2054 0.1532 0.8468   0.0632 0.2252 0.7115   0.0804 0.0568 0.2162 0.6465   0.0018 0.0256 0.2053 0.4718 0.0812 0.2143
10WRB115 10WRB115 0.1514 0.8486   0.0946 0.5419 0.3635   0.024 0.2022 0.5481 0.2256   0 0.1473 0.5202 0.1557 0.0294 0.1475
10WRA120 10WRA120 0.2676 0.7324   0.1565 0.0456 0.798   0.0968 0.2704 0.0444 0.5884   0 0.1958 0.0012 0.3942 0.039 0.3698
08WSC51 08WSC51-221 0.2486 0.7514   0.1462 0.0894 0.7644   0.118 0.186 0.0802 0.6157   0.0044 0.1284 0.0792 0.3725 0.2306 0.185
08WSC179 08WSC179-31 0.7782 0.2218   0.7227 0.004 0.2733   0.4227 0.5771 0.0002 0   0.3942 0.5596 0.0002 0 0.0002 0.0458
08WSC187 08WSC187-211 0.1912 0.8088   0.122 0.4991 0.3789   0.0004 0.44 0.485 0.0746   0.0006 0.4384 0.471 0.0874 0.0026 0
08WSC200 08WSC200-11 0.0892 0.9108   0.053 0.7884 0.1586   0.0538 0.0192 0.7859 0.1411   0.0724 0.004 0.7736 0.1066 0.0394 0.004
08WSC204 08WSC204-21 0.272 0.728   0.2194 0.5982 0.1824   0.2177 0.044 0.592 0.1463   0.0744 0 0.5871 0.0386 0.1116 0.1884
08WSC237 08WSC237-111 0.3082 0.6918   0.2234 0.256 0.5206   0.0824 0.4398 0.2539 0.2239   0.0102 0.3964 0.249 0.0842 0.16 0.1002
08WSC257 08WSC257-122 0.4292 0.5708   0.3699 0.3097 0.3203   0.2167 0.409 0.3213 0.053   0.2308 0.3894 0.3022 0.0718 0.0048 0.001
CIMMYT-2 CIMMYT-2 0.9974 0.0026   0.9782 0.0212 0.0006   0.9802 0.0068 0.0126 0.0004   0.9806 0.0032 0.0134 0.0008 0.001 0.001
CIMMYT-1 CIMMYT-1 0.9724 0.0276   0.9624 0.0198 0.0178   0.9542 0.0202 0.0086 0.017   0.941 0.0078 0.0042 0.0296 0.0002 0.0172
GP30-1 Unknown 0.2938 0.7062   0.2136 0.2362 0.5502   0.2068 0.0966 0.2198 0.4768   0.0088 0.0502 0.1919 0.3237 0.0002 0.4252
GP66-1 Unknown 0.447 0.553   0.3926 0.3446 0.2628   0.3065 0.2422 0.3463 0.105   0.1714 0.1838 0.3318 0.0098 0.023 0.2802
S37 Derived from suwan1 0.9936 0.0064   0.9784 0.0184 0.0032   0.935 0.0632 0.0014 0.0004   0.918 0.0578 0.0014 0.0004 0.0002 0.0222
T32 Derived from suwan germplasm 0.9992 0.0008   0.9992 0.0008 0   0.9998 0.0002 0 0   0.9998 0 0.0002 0 0 0
M3-0 Tropical germplasm 0.864 0.136   0.8295 0.0869 0.0836   0.8074 0.0678 0.0858 0.039   0.7594 0.034 0.0776 0.0004 0.071 0.0576
BJ005 BJ005 0.164 0.836   0.0666 0.106 0.8274   0.1012 0.041 0.0732 0.7846   0.0012 0.0128 0.0584 0.5821 0.086 0.2595
2082-11 2082-11 0.3532 0.6468   0.2682 0.2136 0.5182   0.0022 0.7724 0.2226 0.0028   0.0006 0.7251 0.1927 0 0.0812 0.0004
GD003 11GD003 0.6164 0.3836   0.5496 0.0382 0.4122   0.4405 0.318 0.0422 0.1993   0.4273 0.2953 0.0256 0.1864 0.001 0.0644
03FLUSA10 American hybrid 03FLUSA10 0.5802 0.4198   0.528 0.1812 0.2908   0.4441 0.2353 0.1869 0.1337   0.3417 0.1828 0.1832 0.0048 0.1272 0.1604
XS021 XS021 0.4834 0.5166   0.4274 0.1628 0.4098   0.4196 0.0924 0.1549 0.3331   0.1758 0.0412 0.1406 0.1128 0.057 0.4727
9HT1736 Unknown 0.966 0.034   0.947 0.0318 0.0212   0.932 0.0398 0.0248 0.0034   0.904 0.0178 0.018 0.0014 0.011 0.0478
81565 TuxpenoPBC15S1 ×（JinO3 × Huobai） 0.8492 0.1508   0.8091 0.0134 0.1775   0.8132 0.028 0.0046 0.1542   0.6788 0.0006 0.0026 0.0286 0.0853 0.2041
ZD0502-23111 Hybrid ZD0502 0.656 0.344   0.6295 0.3397 0.0308   0.6331 0.001 0.3335 0.0324   0.5641 0 0.3246 0.0004 0.0174 0.0935
09YT20919 Tropical integrative line AP5 0.9992 0.0008   0.9968 0.0032 0   0.9986 0.0002 0.0006 0.0006   0.9938 0 0.001 0.0008 0.002 0.0024
LH7556 LH7556 0.0004 0.9996   0 0.502 0.498   0.0004 0.0002 0.4978 0.5016   0 0.0004 0.4922 0.4538 0.0016 0.052
Mian04185-4 Mian04185-43122 0.534 0.466   0.4805 0.152 0.3675   0.4639 0.1035 0.1449 0.2878   0.1933 0.0412 0.1291 0.0806 0.0284 0.5274
Mian04185-8 Mian04185-8411 0.586 0.414   0.5333 0.1004 0.3663   0.5157 0.1105 0.0955 0.2784   0.1931 0.0152 0.0782 0.0304 0.0628 0.6202
07WSWD146 07WSWD146 0.6538 0.3462   0.5985 0.0656 0.3359   0.5736 0.1262 0.062 0.2381   0.3355 0.0282 0.0568 0.0022 0.1601 0.4172
SCML2031 TF2031-2221 0.42 0.58   0.376 0.5145 0.1095   0.3587 0.0696 0.5129 0.0588   0.23 0.0028 0.5004 0.0004 0.0474 0.219
TY30331-3 TY30331-35121 0.648 0.352   0.5966 0.1096 0.2938   0.5442 0.1726 0.109 0.1742   0.4009 0.116 0.108 0.004 0.149 0.222
TY30331-2 TY30331-25111 0.663 0.337   0.6175 0.1476 0.235   0.5097 0.2793 0.1492 0.0618   0.4735 0.2532 0.1409 0.0344 0.0118 0.0863
QA 178/9782 0.0432 0.9568   0.0006 0.4342 0.5652   0.0118 0.0054 0.4306 0.5522   0 0 0.3962 0.415 0.0002 0.1887
KS003 Derived from integrative line 0.561 0.439   0.4608 0.0008 0.5384   0.3016 0.4598 0.0006 0.238   0.1599 0.4044 0.0002 0.0698 0.1012 0.2645
HL5049 HL5049 0.151 0.849   0.1056 0.6973 0.1972   0.0216 0.2162 0.7085 0.0538   0.034 0.2003 0.6955 0.0628 0.0002 0.0072
HL5054 HL5054 0.1322 0.8678   0.0816 0.7012 0.2172   0.002 0.2649 0.7043 0.0288   0.0024 0.2507 0.6875 0.0588 0.0002 0.0004
LLF-08 08-641 backcross improved line 0.5462 0.4538   0.4748 0.1034 0.4218   0.2915 0.4729 0.116 0.1196   0.106 0.3762 0.092 0.011 0.002 0.4128
ZD808-1 Hybrid ZD808 0.5762 0.4238   0.4853 0.0022 0.5125   0 1 0 0   0 1 0 0 0 0
510317 Hybrid 510317 0.103 0.897   0.0294 0.5849 0.3857   0.0002 0.339 0.5494 0.1114   0 0.3369 0.5311 0.1316 0.0002 0.0002
Dan4245 Liao7980 / Dan598 0.3692 0.6308   0.2974 0.2398 0.4628   0.2384 0.2334 0.2494 0.2789   0.0006 0.0814 0.2414 0.0004 0.3457 0.3305
PZ1010-2 PZ1010-2 0.5762 0.4238   0.4932 0.0038 0.503   0 1 0 0   0 1 0 0 0 0
CMY093288 CMY093288 0.4632 0.5368   0.3966 0.1906 0.4128   0.3087 0.2801 0.2008 0.2104   0.0272 0.1664 0.1834 0.0004 0.1492 0.4733
JD7275 Hybrid JD7275 0.7844 0.2156   0.75 0.171 0.079   0.7406 0.0388 0.1658 0.0548   0.7025 0.0018 0.1622 0.0052 0.0692 0.0592
JY01-3 Hybrid JY01 0.096 0.904   0.0302 0.5274 0.4424   0.0168 0.095 0.5202 0.368   0 0.0584 0.4884 0.2729 0.0002 0.1801
Y0827 SN203 / SN204 / SC9911 / DK656 / CS9906 integrative line 0.4034 0.5966   0.2982 0.0032 0.6986   0.2938 0.1302 0.0006 0.5754   0.0602 0.004 0.01 0.0336 0.5983 0.2939
Y0921 Ye478 / 5003 / 7922 / Du32 / Cheng687 / 698-3 integrative line 0.223 0.777   0.109 0.0994 0.7917   0.0022 0.4171 0.0906 0.4901   0.0032 0.3992 0.0786 0.3792 0.1395 0.0002
Y1015 Tropical integrative line AP5 0.9982 0.0018   0.9936 0.006 0.0004   0.9864 0.0112 0.002 0.0004   0.9576 0.0022 0.0012 0.0004 0.0002 0.0384
Y1018 Tropical integrative line AP5 0.9888 0.0112   0.9766 0.0216 0.0018   0.977 0.0004 0.0046 0.018   0.9594 0 0.0022 0.0154 0.0016 0.0214
Y1021 Ye478 / 5003 / 7922 / Du32 / Cheng687 / 698-3 integrative line 0.141 0.859   0.0328 0.2446 0.7226   0.0004 0.3395 0.2103 0.4498   0 0.3634 0.2048 0.4292 0.0024 0.0002
Y1022 Ye478 / 5003 / 7922 / Du32 / Cheng687 / 698-3 integrative line 0.5414 0.4586   0.4816 0.1184 0.4   0.3203 0.4269 0.1252 0.1276   0.2413 0.366 0.1145 0.028 0.0903 0.1599
Y1032W 273 / CH01-1112 / 634-1112 / 698-3 / Cheng687 / 7932-1211 / 5003 / 18-599 / Hai92-1 integrative line 0.152 0.848   0.0818 0.4113 0.5069   0.0172 0.2494 0.4168 0.3166   0.0006 0.2122 0.4112 0.1488 0.1474 0.0798
Y1032R 273 / CH01-1112 / 634-1112 / 698-3 / Cheng687/7932-1211 / 5003 / 18-599 / Hai92-1 integrative line 0.1482 0.8518   0.0784 0.4113 0.5103   0.0172 0.2424 0.4169 0.3235   0.0004 0.2012 0.41 0.1452 0.153 0.0902
Y1035 08-641 natural abnormal plant 0.0712 0.9288   0.002 0.4138 0.5842   0 0.4876 0.3594 0.153   0 0.4802 0.3627 0.0646 0.0924 0
Y1038 08-641 natural abnormal plant 0.2252 0.7748   0.1542 0.3392 0.5066   0.08 0.2736 0.3432 0.3032   0.0022 0.205 0.3466 0.0856 0.2242 0.1364
Y1111 Y1111 0.4182 0.5818   0.3533 0.1928 0.4539   0.2632 0.2728 0.1882 0.2758   0.1583 0.2339 0.1765 0.1351 0.1132 0.1831
Y1127 Y1127 0.9818 0.0182   0.9686 0.0202 0.0112   0.9666 0.0002 0.0016 0.0316   0.9546 0.0004 0.0012 0.03 0.0014 0.0124
Y1027 Derived from integrative line W1030 0.4072 0.5928   0.3126 0.0556 0.6318   0.2526 0.2642 0.0538 0.4294   0.0812 0.1985 0.0402 0.2488 0.0672 0.364
L31 273 / CH01-1112 / 634-1112 / 698-3 / Cheng687 / 7932-1211 / 5003 / 18-599 / Hai92-1 integrative line 0.2002 0.7998   0.1214 0.4061 0.4725   0.0044 0.3971 0.4103 0.1882   0 0.3233 0.3923 0.0306 0.15 0.1038
L27 273 / CH01-1112 / 634-1112 / 698-3 / Cheng687 / 7932-1211 / 5003 / 18-599 / Hai92-1 integrative line 0.2244 0.7756   0.153 0.4752 0.3718   0.0338 0.3534 0.4831 0.1297   0 0.2949 0.466 0.0114 0.1084 0.1192
Y1005 Tropical integrative line AP5 0.9984 0.0016   0.9962 0.0024 0.0014   0.949 0.0506 0 0.0004   0.8886 0.044 0.0002 0.0004 0.0002 0.0666
Y0826 Tropical integrative line AP5 0.9992 0.0008   0.9974 0.0024 0.0002   0.999 0.0002 0.0002 0.0006   0.9928 0 0.0004 0.0014 0.0022 0.0032
77 77 0.3996 0.6004   0.3245 0.1466 0.5289   0.3551 0.0186 0.1367 0.4896   0.1144 0 0.1232 0.1815 0.1767 0.4042
BML1256 BML1256 0.991 0.009   0.9592 0.0016 0.0392   0.9422 0.0436 0.0006 0.0136   0.8862 0.0226 0.0002 0.0018 0.0046 0.0846
P801 P801 0.4232 0.5768   0.359 0.2415 0.3996   0.2905 0.2334 0.2509 0.2252   0.0873 0.1323 0.2418 0.0034 0.1783 0.3569
10WRC64 10WRC64 0.0034 0.9966   0.0002 0.9326 0.0672   0.0002 0.0002 0.9322 0.0674   0 0 0.9226 0.0194 0.0002 0.0578
TLL-1 Derived from Thailand landrace 0.9966 0.0034   0.982 0.0164 0.0016   0.9744 0.0182 0.0054 0.002   0.941 0.0044 0.0034 0.0006 0.0106 0.04
PI43W PI43W 0.743 0.257   0.683 0.0016 0.3154   0.6556 0.1212 0.0006 0.2226   0.3453 0.008 0.0002 0.0004 0.1016 0.5444
W8199 11278199 0.508 0.492   0.448 0.2182 0.3338   0.3307 0.3231 0.2222 0.124   0.2413 0.2764 0.2171 0.0044 0.1099 0.1509
Y1114 Tropical integrative line AP5 0.9992 0.0008   0.9992 0.0008 0   0.9996 0.0004 0 0   0.9998 0 0.0002 0 0 0
LX312 LX312 0.4332 0.5668   0.3491 0.1276 0.5233   0.0082 0.8488 0.1426 0.0004   0.0012 0.7975 0.1236 0 0.0014 0.0762
SAM31152A SAM3001 × 1152A-111 0.2492 0.7508   0.183 0.41 0.407   0.1314 0.2088 0.4139 0.246   0 0.0036 0.3839 0 0.3929 0.2196
DH3732 Denghai hybrid DH3732 0.2354 0.7646   0.1776 0.6371 0.1854   0.182 0.0294 0.6356 0.153   0.1074 0.0018 0.6275 0.0658 0.0332 0.1642
BML1275 BML1275 0.746 0.254   0.7046 0.0834 0.212   0.66 0.1404 0.0816 0.118   0.4277 0.0484 0.0552 0 0.0766 0.3921
XBY13563 XBY13563-283 0.827 0.173   0.791 0.137 0.072   0.7544 0.097 0.1368 0.0118   0.746 0.077 0.1258 0.0034 0.0474 0.0004
BML1269 BML1269 0.1534 0.8466   0.0246 0.103 0.8723   0.0002 0.4451 0.0476 0.5071   0 0.4403 0.035 0.4299 0.0948 0
Y1216 Y1216 0.2456 0.7544   0.1754 0.3081 0.5165   0.0794 0.3199 0.3155 0.2853   0.0008 0.2404 0.3154 0.072 0.2152 0.1562
LM-6 LM-6 0.4432 0.5568   0.3845 0.2577 0.3577   0.3391 0.1772 0.2587 0.225   0.1184 0.1052 0.2484 0.03 0.0862 0.4118
10GY6057 10GY6057-2 0.1042 0.8958   0.0616 0.8118 0.1266   0.002 0.1631 0.8111 0.0238   0.0036 0.1588 0.8054 0.0242 0.0072 0.0008
BML1243 BML1243 0.3012 0.6988   0.219 0.202 0.5789   0.1188 0.3422 0.2126 0.3264   0.0006 0.2458 0.2104 0.0502 0.2831 0.21
BML1234 BML1234 0.82 0.18   0.7848 0.0768 0.1384   0.6719 0.2533 0.0744 0.0004   0.651 0.2313 0.0666 0.0004 0.0004 0.0502
Y1224 Y1224 0.754 0.246   0.705 0.0578 0.2372   0.649 0.1646 0.0572 0.1292   0.5679 0.114 0.0558 0.0032 0.1654 0.0938
1217 8107 1217 8107 0.2984 0.7016   0.2328 0.4902 0.277   0.1618 0.233 0.4849 0.1204   0.1522 0.2294 0.4622 0.1518 0 0.0044
BML1228 BML1228 0.572 0.428   0.5187 0.2866 0.1947   0.4517 0.1884 0.2895 0.0704   0.2831 0.1182 0.2727 0.0008 0.004 0.3213
08WSC166 08WSC166-1211 0.3796 0.6204   0.3104 0.2478 0.4418   0.2162 0.3099 0.2581 0.2158   0.0448 0.2074 0.2529 0.0024 0.2088 0.2837
LX350 LX350 0.279 0.721   0.2194 0.374 0.4066   0.247 0.0228 0.3624 0.3678   0.059 0.0006 0.3473 0.2009 0.041 0.3513
Y1217 Y1217 0.386 0.614   0.3308 0.3378 0.3314   0.2773 0.1992 0.3397 0.1838   0.238 0.1574 0.3349 0.0956 0.092 0.082
XBY2193 SUWAN germplasm 0.9438 0.0562   0.924 0.028 0.048   0.93 0.0022 0.0128 0.055   0.9021 0.0006 0.0172 0.0452 0.0092 0.0256
10GY92-121 10GY92-121 0.9506 0.0494   0.9158 0.0016 0.0826   0.888 0.0624 0.0006 0.049   0.8441 0.0174 0.0002 0.0004 0.1371 0.0008
10GY76-111 10GY76-111 0.9478 0.0522   0.9284 0.0508 0.0208   0.9286 0.003 0.0422 0.0262   0.915 0.0002 0.0292 0.0074 0.048 0.0002
U8112 Hybrid3382 0.0256 0.9744   0 0.0008 0.9992   0 0 0 1   0 0 0 0.4464 0.5536 0
W031-1 W031-1 0.566 0.434   0.4721 0.0014 0.5265   0.461 0.0982 0 0.4408   0.3887 0.0498 0.0002 0.2238 0.2535 0.084
C2010-3 C2010-3 0.169 0.831   0.122 0.6961 0.182   0.1088 0.0596 0.6939 0.1376   0.0348 0.0108 0.6935 0.0104 0.113 0.1374
FG-1 Tropical germplasm 0.991 0.009   0.9678 0.0024 0.0298   0.9322 0.066 0.0006 0.0012   0.9286 0.0536 0.001 0.0004 0.015 0.0014
LS-22 LS-22 0.6272 0.3728   0.5636 0.0404 0.396   0.5355 0.1407 0.0346 0.2892   0.2858 0.0376 0.028 0.0004 0.2604 0.3878
CD30M Hybrid CGT-15 0.555 0.445   0.5101 0.4021 0.0878   0.3649 0.2408 0.3943 0   0.3666 0.212 0.3892 0 0.0314 0.0008
LZM009 Tropical germplasm 0.39 0.61   0.3398 0.549 0.1112   0.3182 0.0722 0.5452 0.0644   0.203 0.0044 0.5355 0.0004 0.0554 0.2012
XH05 Yunnan White XH05 × American hybrid 0.4842 0.5158   0.4317 0.3377 0.2306   0.4253 0.0602 0.335 0.1795   0.2417 0 0.3269 0.0004 0.2717 0.1593
06WAM210 CIMMYT line 0.868 0.132   0.8272 0.0016 0.1712   0.814 0.0504 0.0006 0.135   0.6798 0.0006 0.0002 0.001 0.1043 0.2141
06WAM110 CIMMYT line 0.9992 0.0008   0.9976 0.0024 0   0.999 0.0002 0.0004 0.0004   0.9906 0 0.0008 0.0004 0.0012 0.007
GCML32 CIMMYT line 0.8922 0.1078   0.8624 0.0374 0.1002   0.8679 0.0066 0.0272 0.0982   0.7562 0 0.0214 0.0062 0.0556 0.1606
GCML57 CIMMYT line 0.934 0.066   0.902 0.0186 0.0794   0.8398 0.1388 0.0162 0.0052   0.8172 0.1258 0.0138 0.0018 0.0062 0.0352
GCML140 CIMMYT line 0.8944 0.1056   0.8613 0.053 0.0858   0.7979 0.1447 0.0524 0.005   0.793 0.137 0.0504 0.0138 0.0028 0.003
GCML152 CIMMYT line 0.954 0.046   0.932 0.0062 0.0618   0.932 0.0012 0.0012 0.0656   0.8449 0 0.0004 0.0074 0.0012 0.1461
GCML157 CIMMYT line 0.988 0.012   0.974 0.0234 0.0026   0.9762 0.002 0.0124 0.0094   0.9424 0.0006 0.0042 0.0124 0.0002 0.0402
MX714 YA3237 / CIMMYT hybrid 0.74 0.26   0.688 0.0024 0.3096   0.6703 0.09 0.0006 0.239   0.5599 0.0524 0.0004 0.1184 0.0282 0.2408
DH40 DH40 0.6294 0.3706   0.5657 0.0032 0.4311   0.567 0.0748 0.0006 0.3575   0.1595 0 0.0006 0.0044 0.1243 0.7112
ZP2012 Derived from Zhengda hybrid 0.3112 0.6888   0.2525 0.5663 0.1812   0.0748 0.3517 0.5731 0.0004   0.0774 0.3513 0.5642 0 0.0068 0.0002
P44 P44 0.455 0.545   0.4069 0.4033 0.1898   0.3972 0.0652 0.401 0.1365   0.2531 0 0.3921 0 0.2903 0.0646
65232B 6237 × Shen5003 0.348 0.652   0.2627 0.0492 0.6881   0.3165 0.0028 0.0134 0.6673   0.1757 0 0.0002 0.5612 0 0.2628
CLRCW48 CIMMYT line 0.8928 0.1072   0.8614 0.0142 0.1244   0.8615 0.0246 0.006 0.108   0.7573 0.0012 0.005 0.0162 0.051 0.1693
CLWN201 CIMMYT line 0.912 0.088   0.8794 0.0132 0.1074   0.8624 0.0578 0.0044 0.0754   0.7984 0.0398 0.0032 0.026 0.0376 0.095
CLWN205 CIMMYT line 0.9692 0.0308   0.9266 0.0016 0.0718   0.9266 0.0058 0.0002 0.0674   0.833 0.0006 0.0002 0.0234 0.0018 0.141
CLWN226 CIMMYT line 0.9062 0.0938   0.8734 0.0188 0.1078   0.8674 0.0386 0.0084 0.0856   0.788 0.015 0.0082 0.0234 0.0412 0.1242
CLWN227 CIMMYT line 0.9374 0.0626   0.9044 0.0058 0.0898   0.8934 0.031 0.0008 0.0748   0.7835 0.0036 0.0014 0.0138 0.003 0.1947
CLWN247 CIMMYT line 0.908 0.092   0.8758 0.0146 0.1096   0.8826 0.0112 0.0044 0.1018   0.7786 0.0006 0.0042 0.012 0.0626 0.142
CLWN250 CIMMYT line 0.9598 0.0402   0.9227 0.0016 0.0757   0.9224 0.0052 0.0006 0.0718   0.8406 0.0006 0.0002 0.033 0.0038 0.1218
CLWN251 CIMMYT line 0.9816 0.0184   0.941 0.0016 0.0574   0.939 0.003 0.0002 0.0578   0.8518 0.0006 0.0002 0.006 0.011 0.1304
CL02450 CIMMYT line 0.935 0.065   0.9128 0.0212 0.066   0.9106 0.0186 0.009 0.0618   0.808 0.0006 0.007 0.0016 0.0358 0.147
CL02603 CIMMYT line 0.8988 0.1012   0.871 0.0496 0.0794   0.8698 0.0168 0.0414 0.072   0.7909 0.0012 0.036 0.023 0.0318 0.1171
CL02720 CIMMYT line 0.9534 0.0466   0.9244 0.006 0.0696   0.9192 0.0216 0.0014 0.0578   0.8128 0.0006 0.0012 0.0046 0.002 0.1788
CLRCY034 CIMMYT line 0.9234 0.0766   0.893 0.0098 0.0972   0.8731 0.0576 0.0026 0.0668   0.7935 0.0428 0.002 0.014 0.0096 0.1381
CLRCY041 CIMMYT line 0.955 0.045   0.9338 0.0152 0.051   0.9254 0.0336 0.006 0.035   0.8437 0.0038 0.003 0.0004 0.0316 0.1175
CLYN214 CIMMYT line 0.9946 0.0054   0.9698 0.0016 0.0286   0.968 0.001 0 0.031   0.8846 0 0.0002 0.0014 0.0004 0.1134
CLYN223 CIMMYT line 0.9532 0.0468   0.918 0.0024 0.0796   0.8986 0.0462 0.0006 0.0546   0.8109 0.0262 0.0004 0.0012 0.0258 0.1355
CML268 CIMMYT line 0.9072 0.0928   0.8794 0.0306 0.09   0.8837 0.0092 0.0164 0.0907   0.8136 0.0012 0.0086 0.0432 0.0098 0.1235
CML282 CIMMYT line 0.9502 0.0498   0.921 0.0024 0.0766   0.915 0.0138 0.0006 0.0706   0.8228 0.0006 0.0006 0.0018 0.0486 0.1256
CML291 CIMMYT line 0.91 0.09   0.8842 0.0284 0.0874   0.884 0.0098 0.02 0.0862   0.8138 0.0006 0.0178 0.0202 0.0508 0.0968
CML308 CIMMYT line 0.911 0.089   0.8864 0.0356 0.078   0.8842 0.0224 0.0284 0.065   0.8088 0.0016 0.0258 0.0048 0.049 0.11
CML379 CIMMYT line 0.9392 0.0608   0.9022 0.0024 0.0954   0.905 0.0072 0.0006 0.0872   0.778 0 0.0002 0.0024 0.0426 0.1767
CML447 CIMMYT line 0.9124 0.0876   0.881 0.0254 0.0936   0.8832 0.0086 0.012 0.0962   0.7772 0.0006 0.0096 0.0208 0.0158 0.176
CML451 CIMMYT line 0.964 0.036   0.9328 0.0024 0.0648   0.9312 0.0054 0.0006 0.0628   0.86 0.0008 0.0004 0.0126 0.0324 0.0938
TL98A1709-20 CIMMYT line 0.7532 0.2468   0.7071 0.036 0.2569   0.6789 0.116 0.0304 0.1748   0.4937 0.044 0.027 0.0022 0.1096 0.3235
TL96B CIMMYT line 0.716 0.284   0.6706 0.0544 0.275   0.6453 0.107 0.0494 0.1984   0.5074 0.0524 0.0482 0.0352 0.1427 0.2141
98WV9 CIMMYT line 0.943 0.057   0.9126 0.0026 0.0848   0.904 0.0262 0.0006 0.0692   0.8074 0.0006 0.0004 0.001 0.0531 0.1375
SW01D1031-14 CIMMYT line 0.931 0.069   0.9094 0.0414 0.0492   0.912 0.0034 0.0286 0.056   0.8724 0.0006 0.0268 0.035 0.0048 0.0604
SW01D1031-17 CIMMYT line 0.915 0.085   0.8908 0.0266 0.0826   0.8857 0.0236 0.016 0.0748   0.8426 0.0096 0.0136 0.048 0.0028 0.0834
SW01D1058-5 CIMMYT line 0.956 0.044   0.9396 0.0366 0.0238   0.9422 0.0032 0.0246 0.03   0.9024 0.0006 0.021 0.0126 0.0018 0.0616
SW01D1058-2 CIMMYT line 0.956 0.044   0.9392 0.0362 0.0246   0.9428 0.0028 0.0238 0.0306   0.9028 0.0006 0.0204 0.0128 0.0022 0.0612
SW01D1058-7 CIMMYT line 0.8398 0.1602   0.8098 0.0616 0.1286   0.7981 0.041 0.0504 0.1106   0.6955 0.0168 0.042 0.0538 0.0002 0.1918
BANTAN2003 CIMMYT line 0.9238 0.0762   0.8579 0.0008 0.1413   0.8418 0.0538 0 0.1044   0.7271 0.0166 0.0002 0.0102 0.0628 0.1832
CG698C102 698-3 improved line 0.3452 0.6548   0.2332 0.0654 0.7014   0.0492 0.6192 0.0788 0.2527   0 0.4894 0.0016 0.0004 0.0986 0.41
CG921 Hai921 improved line 0.316 0.684   0.2659 0.4825 0.2517   0.2384 0.1122 0.4785 0.1708   0.0504 0.0408 0.4703 0.0046 0.0802 0.3537
CG178 178 improved line 0.3504 0.6496   0.3012 0.5536 0.1452   0.3092 0.001 0.5415 0.1483   0.1456 0 0.5354 0.0014 0.0926 0.225
Lian87 Lian87 0.624 0.376   0.5663 0.004 0.4297   0.5534 0.1026 0.0006 0.3434   0.2204 0.0078 0.0002 0.099 0.023 0.6496
CP16 Unknown 0.4032 0.5968   0.3378 0.2189 0.4433   0.322 0.1232 0.216 0.3388   0 0.0006 0.1632 0.0376 0.0012 0.7974
K305 American hybrid 2021 0.207 0.793   0.1214 0.1036 0.775   0.1692 0.0012 0.0794 0.7502   0 0 0.0002 0.4727 0 0.5271
811 Derived from 136-87mutant 0.099 0.901   0.0468 0.6062 0.347   0.0784 0.004 0.5953 0.3223   0 0 0.5514 0.1252 0.0002 0.3232
K363 48-2 × 156 0.4088 0.5912   0.3246 0.1536 0.5218   0.2806 0.1972 0.1526 0.3696   0.0988 0.0888 0.1584 0.0642 0.3371 0.2527
K102 K102 0.3828 0.6172   0.3214 0.409 0.2696   0.195 0.3129 0.4191 0.073   0.0508 0.2489 0.4006 0.0004 0.0532 0.2461
S0035 78599 0.5092 0.4908   0.4238 0.0404 0.5358   0.3652 0.2172 0.0386 0.379   0.2212 0.1572 0.0316 0.179 0.145 0.266
B0069 Shuangyu2 male parent 0.2348 0.7652   0.1763 0.5004 0.3233   0.1596 0.0978 0.4961 0.2464   0.0961 0.0518 0.4889 0.1425 0.1193 0.1013
81565 Miandan 8 parent Mobai 0.5712 0.4288   0.4977 0.004 0.4983   0.4824 0.1335 0.0012 0.3828   0.1344 0.005 0.0004 0.0152 0.2084 0.6365
LYC-1 LONG Xichang 0.8442 0.1558   0.8166 0.1164 0.067   0.7856 0.085 0.1138 0.0156   0.7102 0.0544 0.1012 0.0012 0.019 0.114
WZ-1 W1 Wanzhou 0.395 0.605   0.3503 0.4265 0.2232   0.3239 0.1044 0.4279 0.1438   0.2065 0.0384 0.4259 0.0018 0.1255 0.2019
PB80 1067-1 × B73 / B73Ht.1 BC6, SS 0.3164 0.6836   0.1303 0.0008 0.8689   0.1369 0.1361 0 0.727   0 0 0 0 1 0
787 VA17 / VA29, NSS 0.5922 0.4078   0.5257 0.0492 0.4251   0.5024 0.1326 0.0442 0.3208   0.228 0.0336 0.0406 0.014 0.174 0.5098
793 235 / B73, SS 0.3612 0.6388   0.1758 0.0002 0.824   0.1645 0.1859 0 0.6497   0.0244 0.0108 0 0 0.961 0.0038
W8034 B14A/2 × B73, SS 0.3372 0.6628   0.1718 0.0008 0.8274   0.1712 0.1278 0 0.7009   0 0 0 0 1 0
PHV63 555 × Zap<4CB, NSS 0.427 0.573   0.3454 0.1128 0.5418   0.3323 0.1264 0.1042 0.4371   0.136 0.0336 0.1012 0.1188 0.3323 0.2781
PHW65 (861 / 595) × 8211131X,NSS 0.324 0.676   0.2525 0.3241 0.4235   0.2362 0.1236 0.3191 0.3211   0.0006 0.0122 0.2974 0.1177 0.0414 0.5308
2369 2702H × B73) × B73, SS 0.29 0.71   0.112 0.0008 0.8872   0.1098 0.1536 0 0.7365   0 0 0.0002 0.1353 0.8645 0
87916W B73 × W37-2 -B1-1-B1, SS 0.3912 0.6088   0.267 0.0016 0.7314   0.2488 0.1562 0.0004 0.5946   0.1054 0.0212 0.0042 0.0506 0.7808 0.0378
PHW52 (B73 / G39) × 411242X, SS 0.3292 0.6708   0.2152 0.0088 0.776   0.191 0.2136 0.0046 0.5908   0 0 0 0 1 0
CA1108 Huangzaosi improved line 0.5522 0.4478   0.4892 0.1393 0.3715   0.4554 0.1572 0.1422 0.2452   0.2213 0.062 0.1395 0.0064 0.1589 0.4118
Nan21-3 Yogoslavic hybrid BC8241Ht 0.6162 0.3838   0.5488 0.0074 0.4438   0.5069 0.1792 0.003 0.3109   0.1655 0.0782 0.0012 0.0022 0.1383 0.6146
PH6WC PH01N × PH09B, Reid population 0.3422 0.6578   0.2371 0.0656 0.6973   0.2046 0.2074 0.0634 0.5247   0 0 0 0 1 0
PH4CV PH7V0 × PHBE2，Lancaster population 0.489 0.511   0.4161 0.1186 0.4653   0.3353 0.2555 0.115 0.2943   0.014 0.1641 0.0976 0.0514 0.0608 0.6122
Xun9058 6JK × 8085 Thailand 0 1   0 0.3165 0.6835   0 0 0.3071 0.6929   0 0 0.2846 0.7154 0 0
LX9801 502 × H21 0.7854 0.2146   0.7028 0.0008 0.2964   0.6807 0.105 0 0.2142   0.3228 0.0012 0 0.0004 0.0312 0.6444
C24 C24 0.2144 0.7856   0.1526 0.6832 0.1642   0.0826 0.1858 0.6846 0.047   0.0902 0.1865 0.6787 0.0408 0.0036 0.0002
C09-1 09-1 0.4892 0.5108   0.4197 0.1944 0.3859   0.3746 0.1798 0.1934 0.2522   0.1774 0.1042 0.1932 0.0206 0.1678 0.3369
L2010-3 L2010-3 0.903 0.097   0.8848 0.092 0.0232   0.8503 0.0636 0.0845 0.0016   0.8376 0.065 0.0812 0.0086 0.0018 0.0058
ZNC-4 Unknown 0.4628 0.5372   0.3369 0.0008 0.6623   0.3017 0.1996 0 0.4987   0.0008 0.08 0.0002 0.096 0.2389 0.584
Qi533 Derived from P136 abnormal plant 0.3766 0.6234   0.2749 0.0576 0.6675   0.0382 0.6623 0.0742 0.2254   0.0028 0.6309 0.036 0.2492 0 0.081
L6201 08-641 improved line 0.746 0.254   0.6957 0.0542 0.2501   0.6365 0.1729 0.0538 0.1367   0.554 0.1218 0.0538 0.0044 0.1678 0.0982
LSC127 LSC127 0.4322 0.5678   0.3566 0.0858 0.5576   0.3615 0.086 0.0772 0.4754   0.1777 0.0046 0.0686 0.2417 0.1577 0.3496
W30 K22 improved line 0.2692 0.7308   0.1612 0.0264 0.8124   0.0294 0.4131 0.0162 0.5413   0.0388 0.3786 0.0004 0.5231 0.0002 0.0588
B73 BSSS C5 0.287 0.713   0.058 0 0.942   0.0564 0.1625 0 0.7811   0 0 0 0 1 0
B047 B047 0.0024 0.9976   0.0002 0.9982 0.0016   0.0004 0.0012 0.9964 0.002   0 0 0.985 0 0.015 0
W3189 18-599 improved line 0.138 0.862   0.0746 0.6418 0.2836   0.0604 0.0737 0.6393 0.2266   0.0006 0.0402 0.6273 0.1052 0.1054 0.1212
9782 （48-2 × 5003）space induced mutant × foreign hybrid line 0.12 0.88   0.0458 0.3899 0.5643   0.0812 0.007 0.3777 0.5341   0 0 0.3165 0.3247 0 0.3589
646 Lancaster L3874 × Tropical germplasm 0.9302 0.0698   0.908 0.0302 0.0618   0.9152 0.0028 0.0168 0.0652   0.8848 0.001 0.0218 0.0424 0.0258 0.0242
CZ2142 Unknown 0.5928 0.4072   0.5228 0.0722 0.405   0.2716 0.5986 0.1026 0.0272   0.1966 0.5228 0.078 0.0004 0.0702 0.132
CZ205-2 Unknown 0.4716 0.5284   0.3939 0.0968 0.5093   0.3563 0.1848 0.0932 0.3657   0.0154 0.0788 0.086 0.012 0.1787 0.6291


Genotype

A total of 56,110 SNPs on the MaizeSNP50 BeadChip were used for genotyping the panel. Detailed information for this chip can be downloaded from the Illumina MaizeSNP50 website and the position information of SNPs according to B73 RefGen_v2 can be downloaded from NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) GEO website. One month after seed germination, eight leaf pieces from differentindividualsofthesameinbredlinewere placed into one tube, and two replicates were collected for DNA extraction and genotyping. Using Illumina GenomeStudio, a powerful genotyping tool, each SNP was rechecked manually to identify any errors following Yan. Then the raw file exported by GenomeStudio was transformed to PowerMarker V3.25 format for calculation of summary statistics. SNPs with missing rate >20 %, heterozygosity >20 % and minor allele frequency (MAF) '<'0.05 were excluded from the genotyping data, leaving 44,104 high-quality SNPs for further analysis.

After filtering of the total SNP data, 43,735 high-quality SNPs with identified physical position were used for summary description. In this subset of SNPs, the average marker density is approximately 52 kb per SNP, the average distance between adjacent SNPs is 47 kb, and the position of each SNP is listed in Additional file 2: Table S2. The MAF, GD, PIC value, and heterozygosity among chromosomes showed little variation among chromosomes by PowerMarker (Fig. 1). However, the numbers of SNPs showing significant variation, from 3128 on Chromosome (Chr) 10 to 6834 on Chr 1 were correlated with the lengths of the corresponding chromosomes. MAF was uniformly distributed from 0.1 to 0.5 among SNPs, but the trends of GD and PIC were similar, with most SNPs showing high levels of these parameters (48 % showing GD >0.45 and 55 % showing PIC >0.35).

Population structure and kinship

STRUCTURE software was used to identify population structure. Because LnP(D) continuously increased with the K value, it was not capable of identifying groups. Accordingly, the ΔK value was calculated for each K. The peaks of line plot suggested that the entire panel could be divided into two, three, four, six groups in order of possibility based on breeding experience and pedigree information. When K = 2, the whole panel could be grouped into Tropical and Temperate groups which the representative inbred lines were S37 and 18–599; When K = 3, the Temperate group was further divided into SS and NSS groups, including representative inbred lines Qi319 and Ye478, respectively; When K = 4, PA and PB were further separated which the representative inbred lines were 698–3 and 18–599; When K = 6, besides the Tropical subgroup, other inbred lines could be clustered into BSSS, Reid, PA, PB and North group (other temperate germplasms mostly derived from North China including Lancaster, SPT and LRC), the representative inbred lines were B73, Ye478, 698–3, 18599, and Dan340, respectively. These results were largely consistent with known pedigree information. Other lines with lower possibility were clustered into a mixed group. PCA analysis based on the results of STRUCTURE showed a clear structure separation of the panel. When K = 2, the PCA plot showed a clear separation of Temperate and Tropical groups (Fig. 3a). The mixed group was located between the other two groups. The Temperate group showed more dispersion than the Tropical group did, suggesting that the temperate lines could be divided into further subgroups. For K = 3, the NSS and SS groups were clearly separated from the Temperate group and the genetic distance between SS and NSS was less than that between NSS and Tropical (Fig. 3b). For K = 4, the PA group was located at the center, mixed with other groups, while the other groups showed relatively stable distribution (Fig. 3c). For K = 6, the PCA plot showed a complex distribution of subgroups, except for the PB and Tropical groups. The BSSS group was largely from the Reid group, and the PA and North groups located at the center, showed a complex source. These results also agreed with the conclusions from STRUCTURE that the groups were gradually separated based on one main group, Temperate, with K increasing and the Tropical group remaining relatively stable during this process. To confirm the separation between the groups from the Temperate group, PCA analysis was also performed after removal of the Tropical and Mixed groups for K = 3, K = 4, and K = 6. Clear separations of the Temperate group were showed for K = 3 and K = 4, but more complex clustering for K = 6.

Population structure of 362 maize inbred lines estimated from 13,021 SNPs. a Plot of LnP(D) and ΔK was calculated for K = 2 to K = 9. b Population structure of the 362 lines from K = 2 to K = 4 and K = 6

Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Li, L. et al. Characterizing the population structure and genetic diversity of maize breeding germplasm in Southwest China using genome-wide SNP markers. BMC Genomics 17, 697 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3041-3